Pred sušijem: arheologija kmetovanja in ribolova v zgodnji Japonski

Mark Hudson, Inštitut Maxa Plancka za geoantropologijo

Suši je postal eno najbolj globaliziranih živil v sodobnem svetu, vendar je tudi simbol tistega, kar se pogosto dojema kot "tradicionalna" japonska prehrana in kultura prehranjevanja, ki temelji na rižu in ribah. V predavanju bomo s pomočjo arheologije na novo ovrednotili in kritično premislili take predstave. Japonska je bila eden zadnjih krajev v Evraziji zmernega pasu, kjer so v celoti prešli na poljedelski način življenja. Ena od značilnosti japonske prazgodovine je bil odpor do poljedelstva, kar otežuje domneve, da je bil riž v bronasti dobi v obdobju Yayoi nemoteno sprejet. Kmetijstvo, ki je Japonsko doseglo po letu 1000 pred našim štetjem, je bilo zelo globaliziran evrazijski sistem, ki je poleg riža vključeval tudi proso, ječmen in pšenico. V poznem obdobju Yayoi je velik pomen dobilo tudi drevesničarstvo rodu Prunus. V prvem tisočletju pred našim štetjem so bili prisotni prašiči in piščanci, vendar vloga udomačenih živali v japonskem agropastoralizmu ostaja slabo poznana.

Na podlagi nedavnih raziskav predavatelja se bo predavanje osredotočilo predvsem na arheološke in zgodovinske dokaze o uporabi pšenice, plodov Prunusa, kokoši in divjih ptic ter ribolova. Kljub nedavnemu napredku japonske arheobotanike in zooarheologije ostaja veliko vprašanj o tem, kako so se povezali različni elementi predmodernega samooskrbnega gospodarstva. V predavanju bo predstavljena trditev, da je bila komercializacija predmodernih prehranskih virov, proces, ki se je očitno začel že v bronasti dobi, ključni dejavnik, ki si zasluži več pozornosti.

Dr. Mark J. Hudson trenutno deluje kot član Skupine za arheolingvistične raziskave na Oddelku za arheologijo na Inštitutu Maxa Plancka za geoantropologijo. Diplomiral je na Šoli za orientalske in afriške študije (SOAS) Univerze v Londonu, magisterij je opravil na Univerzi v Cambridgeu, doktoriral pa na Avstralski državni univerzi. Prepoznavnost na področju japonologije in japonske arheologije je dosegel že s svojo prvo monografijo Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands (1996). Dr. Hudson je med drugim deloval kot raziskovalec in profesor na številnih raziskovalnih ustanovah, na primer na Univerzi v Okayami, Univerzi v Tsukubi, Univerzi Sapporo Gakuin, na Univerzi Nishi Kyushu in na Centru svetovne dediščine Mt Fuji v Shizuoki.

Predavanje v angleščini bo v sredo, 8. 3. 2023, ob 16.20 v predavalnici 15.

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Before Sushi: The Archaeology of Farming and Fishing in Early Japan

Mark Hudson, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology

Sushi has become one of the most globalised foods in the contemporary world, yet it is also symbolic of what is often perceived of as the ‘traditional’ Japanese diet and food culture based on rice and fish. This talk will use archaeology to re-evaluate and critique such ideas. Japan was one of the last places in temperate Eurasia to adopt full-scale agriculture. Resistance to farming was one characteristic of Japanese prehistory, complicating assumptions that rice was adopted with minimal disturbance in the Bronze Age Yayoi period. The agriculture that reached Japan after 1000 BC was a highly globalised Eurasian system including millets, barley and wheat as well as rice. Prunus arboriculture also took on great importance by the Late Yayoi. Pigs and chickens were present by the first millennium BC, but the role of domesticated animals in Japanese agropastoralism remains poorly understood.

Based on the speaker’s recent research, the talk will focus especially on archaeological and historical evidence for the use of wheat, Prunus fruits, chickens and wild fowl, and fishing. Despite recent advances in Japanese archaeobotany and zooarchaeology, many questions remain as to how the various elements of the premodern subsistence economy came together. The talk will argue that the commercialisation of premodern food resources, a process that seems to have begun as early as the Bronze Age, was a key factor that deserves more attention.

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